1. Solar radiation - 100%

2. Reflected by atmosphere - clouds 20%, gases/particles - 5%

3. Albedo - 5%

4. Absorb - clouds 3%, dust & particles 17%

5. 50% reaches surface (insolation)

• Concentration

• Tilt

• Albedo

• Atmosphere

• Equator - warm air rises, low pressure, Hadley cell, thermally direct

• Poles - cold air sinks, high pressure, Polar cell, thermally direct

• The Third Cell - Ferrel Cell, thermally indirect

• Surface winds - Trade, Westerlies, Polar Easterlies. Right in N Hemisphere, Left in S Hemisphere. Coriolis effect.

• Describe North Atlantic

  • Warm - Gulf Stream/NAD

  • Cold - Labrador/Canaries

  • Gyre - clockwise

• Explain

  • How surface ocean currents move - friction, coriolis

• How deep ocean currents move - thermohaline (salt, temperature) 

Describe the air masses

• mT - Atlantic, hot, high humidity 65-82%, high precipitation, unstable, thunderstorms

• cT - Sahara, very hot, low humidity 10-17%, very dry, stable, sand storms

Explain their impact on climate

• Intro to the ITCZ - trade winds meet, band of rainfall, moves (N in July)

• Inputs (precipitation)

• Transfers (stem flow, infiltration, percolation, surface run-off)

• Stores (surface, soil, groundwater, interception)

• Outputs (channel flow, evaporation, transpiration) 

Deforestation

• reduced interception

• reduced transpiration

• increased evaporation

Urbanisation

• increased surface run-off

• reduced infiltration

Irrigation

• reduced river flow

• reduced groundwater

• increased surface storage & evaporation

• increased transpiration

Mining

• increased surface run-off or percolation

• reduced surface storage

Describe

give numbers and times for:

• lag time, peak discharge, peak rainfall, rising limb, falling limb

Explain

• tributaries, urbanisation, size of drainage basin, permeability

Setting - upper course

Processes - vertical erosion, hydraulic action, abrasion, solution

Develops - weathering, mass movement, interlocking spurs

Setting - differential erosion, resistant rock 

Processes - hydraulic action, undercut, plunge pool, abrasion 

Develops - overhang, attrition, gorge 

Setting - thalweg, riffles, pools

Processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, deposition

Develops - helicoidal flow, attrition

Start with a similar answer to meander.

Develops - neck, high energy

Setting - concordant, discordant, differential erosion

Processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, solution

Develops - constructive waves, sheltered

Example - Kilmuir Bay, Isle of Skye

Setting - undercut, wave-cut notch

Processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, solution

Develops - overhang, wave-cut platform

Example - base of Old Man of Stoer, NW Highlands

Setting - headland, erosion

Processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, solution

Develops - blowhole, vertical erosion, sub-aerial processes

Example - (stack) Old Man of Stoer, NW Highlands

Setting - change in direction, longshore drift

Processes - swash, backwash, gravity, prevailing wind

Develops - curved, salt marsh

Example - Culbin Sands, Nairn

Setting - accumulates, firn

Processes - plucking, abrasion, freeze-thaw weathering

Develops - bergschrund, rotational sliding, rock lip, lochan

Example - Coire Mhic Fhearchair, Beinn Eighe

You can also be asked to extend your answer to the formation of:

• an arete (ridge between two coires)

• a pyramidal peak (point between three or more coires)

Setting - accumulates, firn, v-shaped valleys

Processes - plucking, abrasion, freeze-thaw weathering, scree

Develops - truncated spurs, misfit stream, ribbon loch

Example - Glen Torridon

You can also be asked to extend your answer to the formation of:

• a hanging valley (smaller, tributary valley)

• ribbon loch (long, thin lake which fills a valley floor).

Drumlin - unsorted, stoss, lee, reshaped, basket of eggs topography

Terminal moraine - unsorted, snout, natural dam

Esker - sorted, ablation, meltwater stream